Tissue Processors in Histology: A Complete Beginner’s Guide

Microscope tissue processors for histology and lab analysis.

When it comes to histology, accuracy and efficiency in preparing tissue samples are everything. Before a sample can be embedded, sectioned, stained, and reviewed under a microscope, it has to be properly prepared so that its cellular structure is preserved and suitable for diagnosis. This is where the tissue processor becomes one of the most important pieces of equipment in any pathology or Mohs lab.

For those who are new to histology or laboratory work, understanding what a tissue processor is, how it works, and why it’s essential can be overwhelming. This beginner’s guide breaks everything down into clear, practical terms.


What Is a Tissue Processor?

A tissue processor is a laboratory instrument designed to prepare biological tissue samples for embedding in paraffin wax. This preparation is crucial because it allows pathologists to cut the sample into extremely thin slices (microns thick) that can then be mounted onto glass slides for microscopic examination.

Without proper processing, tissue samples would quickly degrade or collapse under the blade of a microtome, making them impossible to study accurately.


Why Are Tissue Processors Important?

The tissue processor’s job is to replace water inside the tissue with supporting materials, usually paraffin wax, in a way that preserves the structure and integrity of the specimen. Proper processing:

  • Prevents tissue shrinkage or distortion
  • Preserves cellular detail for diagnosis
  • Allows for consistent, repeatable preparation
  • Increases efficiency by automating a complex multi-step procedure

In a busy clinical or research lab, this automation saves countless hours compared to manual processing, while also reducing error.

High-quality tissue processor used in histology labs for tissue sample embedding and processing.

How Do Tissue Processors Work?

While there are variations between models and manufacturers (Sakura, Leica, Thermo, Avantik, etc.), most tissue processors perform the same basic series of steps. The process is sometimes called “tissue dehydration and infiltration.”

Here’s the simplified workflow:

  1. Fixation – Samples are immersed in fixative (often formalin) to preserve cellular structure.
  2. Dehydration – Water is removed from tissue through increasing concentrations of alcohol.
  3. Clearing – Alcohol is replaced with a solvent (like xylene) that makes tissue receptive to wax.
  4. Infiltration – Molten paraffin wax infiltrates the tissue, filling the spaces where water once was.

At the end of this process, the tissue is firm and uniform, ready to be embedded in paraffin blocks for microtome sectioning.


Types of Tissue Processors

There are two main categories of tissue processors you’ll encounter:

  1. Carousel Processors
    • Tissue cassettes are moved between multiple reagent containers arranged in a circular carousel.
    • Often require manual loading and unloading of reagents.
    • Common in smaller labs or educational settings.
  2. Enclosed (Automated) Processors
    • Reagents are sealed in an enclosed chamber, minimizing exposure and fumes.
    • Offer automated reagent exchanges and heating cycles.
    • Provide better safety, consistency, and efficiency — preferred in most modern labs.

What Does a Tissue Processor Look Like in Action?

Imagine a technician preparing multiple small cassettes, each containing a piece of tissue. These cassettes are placed inside the processor, which then runs an automated program. Over the course of several hours (sometimes overnight), the processor cycles the tissue through the reagents step by step.

By morning, the tissue is fully infiltrated with paraffin and ready to move on to the embedding center, where it’s encased in wax blocks for sectioning.


Where Are Tissue Processors Used?

Tissue processors are a backbone of histopathology and are found in:

  • Hospital pathology labs – for cancer diagnosis and biopsy analysis.
  • Dermatology & Mohs surgery labs – for rapid skin tissue processing.
  • Research labs – where cellular structures must be studied in detail.
  • Veterinary labs – for animal pathology.

Anywhere tissue samples are studied microscopically, a tissue processor is almost always in use.


Things Beginners Should Know Before Operating One

If you’re new to using tissue processors, here are some key points to keep in mind:

  • Safety first: Many reagents (like xylene and formalin) are toxic. Always use proper ventilation and PPE.
  • Routine maintenance matters: Regular cleaning and changing of reagents prevents contamination and ensures consistent results.
  • Processing schedules vary: Different tissues (skin vs. organ vs. bone) may require adjusted protocols.
  • Downtime planning: Processors can take several hours to run — schedule workloads accordingly.
  • Troubleshooting basics: If tissue comes out brittle, shrunken, or mushy, it often means one step in the cycle failed or a reagent was degraded.

Final Thoughts

For anyone entering the field of dermatology, pathology, or histology, the tissue processor is one of the first pieces of lab equipment you’ll become familiar with. It might look intimidating at first, but it plays a simple, critical role: turning fragile, perishable samples into durable blocks that can be studied for accurate diagnoses.

Understanding what a tissue processor does, why it’s needed, and how it fits into the larger histology workflow will give beginners the foundation they need to start learning the more advanced aspects of lab work.


Additional Resources

Cryostats in Dermatology: A Complete Beginner’s Guide

Cryostat 101, medical laboratory equipment for tissue freezing and sample preparation processes.

Cryostats are among the most important pieces of equipment in dermatology and histology labs. If you’ve ever wondered how dermatologists can diagnose skin cancer the same day they remove tissue, or how Mohs surgery achieves such high cure rates, the answer is often the cryostat.

This guide is designed for beginners — whether you’re a medical assistant, lab technician, or simply curious about how these machines work. By the end, you’ll understand what a cryostat is, how it operates, and why it’s so vital in dermatology.


What Is a Cryostat?

A cryostat is a machine that freezes and slices thin sections of biological tissue for examination under a microscope. Think of it as a highly specialized, refrigerated cutting tool. Unlike traditional methods that use paraffin embedding (a process that takes hours or even days), a cryostat makes it possible to prepare slides within minutes.

In dermatology, cryostats are most closely tied to Mohs micrographic surgery, the gold-standard treatment for certain types of skin cancer. During Mohs, tissue is removed, frozen, cut into thin slices, stained, and examined under a microscope — all while the patient waits. The surgeon repeats the process until no cancer cells remain, ensuring maximum precision with minimal healthy tissue loss.


How a Cryostat Works

At its core, a cryostat is both a freezer and a precision slicer. Here’s what happens inside:

  1. Freezing the Specimen
    • The tissue is placed in a medium called OCT (Optimal Cutting Temperature compound) and mounted on a small metal disc.
    • This disc attaches to the cryostat’s object head, which is cooled to subzero temperatures (usually between -20°C and -30°C).
  2. Sectioning the Tissue
    • Once frozen solid, the object head moves the tissue block toward a razor-sharp blade.
    • The built-in microtome slices the block into sections as thin as 5–10 microns (a fraction of the width of a human hair).
  3. Preparing Slides
    • Each tissue slice is carefully placed on a glass slide.
    • Slides are then stained (often with hematoxylin and eosin, or H&E) so cells are visible under a microscope.
  4. Microscopic Analysis
    • The surgeon or pathologist examines the slides immediately.
    • If cancer cells are still visible at the margin, another thin layer of tissue is removed from the patient, and the cycle repeats.

The Role of Cryostats in Dermatology

Cryostats have applications across medical fields, but in dermatology they are most essential for:

  • Mohs Surgery – Enables same-day margin control for skin cancer.
  • Histology Labs – Used to prepare frozen sections for diagnosing skin diseases and conditions beyond cancer.
  • Research – Dermatology researchers use cryostats to study tissue architecture and cellular structures.

The advantage of cryostats in dermatology is speed and precision. By bypassing slower paraffin embedding techniques, doctors can make real-time treatment decisions without sending samples to an outside lab.


What Using a Cryostat Looks Like

For beginners, it helps to picture the workflow step by step. Imagine you’re assisting in a Mohs procedure:

  1. The surgeon removes a small layer of tissue.
  2. You bring the specimen to the cryostat and embed it in OCT.
  3. Within minutes, the machine freezes the block.
  4. Using the handwheel, you advance the tissue block and cut ultra-thin slices with the microtome.
  5. The slices are transferred to glass slides, stained, and handed back to the surgeon for immediate review.

This process repeats until the surgeon confirms all cancerous cells have been removed.


Key Features of a Cryostat

While different brands and models vary, most cryostats share these essential features:

  • Freezing chamber – Keeps tissue at subzero temperatures.
  • Object head – Holds and positions the specimen block.
  • Microtome blade – Slices frozen tissue with high precision.
  • Anti-roll plate – Prevents tissue sections from curling as they’re cut.
  • Controls and display – Allow users to set temperature, thickness, and other cutting parameters.

Together, these features make cryostats both powerful and user-friendly once you’re trained.


Why Beginners Should Learn Cryostat Basics

Understanding cryostats is important even if you’re not the one operating them daily. For dermatology staff, knowing the basics helps you:

  • Appreciate why Mohs surgery can be done in one visit.
  • Communicate more clearly with patients about the process.
  • Support surgeons and lab technicians during high-volume procedures.
  • Recognize the value of routine training and proper workflow.

Cryostats are not just lab equipment — they’re a critical part of how modern dermatology delivers faster, more precise care.


What You Need to Know Before Operating a Cryostat

Operating a cryostat takes training and care. Before stepping up to one, beginners should keep these key points in mind:

  • Temperature Control – Cryostats operate between -20°C and -30°C. Always confirm the chamber has reached the correct temperature before sectioning.
  • Specimen Embedding – Tissue must be embedded in OCT compound and frozen solid before cutting. Poor embedding leads to uneven or unusable sections.
  • Blade Safety – The microtome blade is extremely sharp. Use caution when loading, adjusting, or cleaning around it. Always engage safety guards when not cutting.
  • Anti-Roll Plate Use – To keep tissue slices flat, make sure the anti-roll plate is positioned correctly above the blade.
  • Section Thickness – Most dermatology sections are cut at 5–10 microns. Always set thickness according to the procedure (e.g., Mohs vs. routine histology).
  • Slide Handling – Frozen tissue is delicate. Use clean, dry slides and handle them gently to avoid damaging sections.
  • Staining Workflow – Know the basic staining process (commonly H&E) so slides can be prepared promptly for the surgeon or pathologist.
  • Defrosting – Cryostats build up frost over time. Learn when and how to perform defrost cycles to keep the chamber working efficiently.
  • Cleaning – Daily cleaning of the chamber and blade holder prevents contamination and keeps sections clear.
  • PPE & Hygiene – Always wear gloves, lab coats, and eye protection. Tissue samples are biohazardous, and the cryostat chamber is a controlled environment.

These fundamentals aren’t troubleshooting steps — they’re the baseline knowledge every beginner should have before operating a cryostat in a dermatology setting.


Final Thoughts

Cryostats may look intimidating at first glance, but at their core they are simply machines designed to do one thing very well: freeze and cut tissue into thin slices for immediate analysis.

For dermatology practices, they are indispensable. By enabling real-time tissue examination during Mohs surgery, cryostats give doctors the ability to remove cancer with pinpoint accuracy while preserving healthy skin.

For beginners, the takeaway is this: a cryostat is the bridge between surgery and diagnosis, and mastering its role is key to understanding modern dermatology workflows.


Additional Resources


Introducing LithoWise Holmium Laser Fibers: Now Available at Amtech Medical

LithoWise™ Holmium Laser Fibers: Now Available at Amtech Medical

At Amtech Medical, we’re committed to providing clinics and surgical practices with the tools they need to deliver safe, efficient, and high-quality patient care. That’s why we’re excited to announce our newest product line: LithoWise™ Holmium Laser Fibers.

These disposable optical fibers are essential accessories for holmium:YAG surgical lasers, trusted across urology, ENT, orthopedics, and general surgery. By offering a range of sizes, we’re giving providers the flexibility to choose the fiber that best matches their surgical needs.


What Are Holmium Laser Fibers?

A holmium:YAG laser generates light energy at a wavelength of 2,100 nm — highly effective for cutting, coagulation, and breaking apart hard tissue such as stones. But the laser itself never touches the patient. Instead, energy must be delivered through a fiber optic cable, which channels the laser beam safely from the generator to the surgical site.

That’s where holmium laser fibers come in. These are precision-engineered optical fibers with:

  • SMA 905 Connector – Industry-standard design for wide compatibility.
  • 2.5 Meter Length – Long enough for maneuverability in surgical settings.
  • Disposable Packaging – Supplied in boxes of 10 for sterile, single-use applications.

LITHOWISE FIBER

Crosshair Alignment to Maximum Fiber Core

High-quality medical cable with detailed cross-section, emphasizing manufacturing accuracy and precision.

OTHER FIBERS

Standard Connectors • Standard Fiber Core • Errant Beam Expected

High-quality optical fiber cross-section illustrating cladding, core, and transmission area for medical fiber optics.

Full Power beam capacity to target
even under bend

Lower Power to the target
especially under bend


Why They Matter in Surgery

Holmium lasers are used across a wide range of specialties, and fibers are tailored to the procedure:

  • Urology – For lithotripsy, fibers transmit high-energy pulses to fragment kidney and ureteral stones.
  • ENT Procedures – Used in delicate areas such as the nasal cavity or throat for precise tissue removal.
  • Orthopedic & General Surgery – Larger fibers deliver more energy for efficient cutting and coagulation of soft tissue.

Choosing the right fiber diameter ensures balance between flexibility, scope compatibility, and energy delivery.


Our LithoWise™ Product Line


Compatible With

LithoWise™ fibers are designed with universal SMA 905 connectors, making them compatible with most major holmium:YAG laser systems on the market, including:

This ensures that no matter what system your facility is running, LithoWise™ fibers are ready to integrate seamlessly.


Clinical Examples

  • 9mm Ureteral Stone (Urology) – A 365µm fiber offers enough energy while fitting through narrow ureteroscopes.
  • Nasal Polyp Removal (ENT) – A 272µm fiber provides precision in tight working spaces.
  • Soft Tissue Ablation (General Surgery) – A 550µm fiber balances power and durability.
  • High-Volume Lithotripsy (Urology) – A 940µm fiber withstands the most demanding stone fragmentation cases.

Why Choose Amtech Medical for LithoWise™ Fibers?

  • Reliable Supply – Keep your clinic stocked with consumables.
  • Competitive Pricing – Cost-effective without sacrificing quality.
  • Trusted Expertise – Backed by years of experience in medical equipment service and sales.
  • Easy Ordering – Available directly through our online store.

👉 Shop LithoWise™ Holmium Laser Fibers Now


Final Thoughts

By introducing LithoWise™ Holmium Laser Fibers, Amtech Medical continues its mission to support healthcare providers with both essential consumables and advanced medical equipment. With broad compatibility, proven reliability, and a variety of core sizes, these fibers are an essential addition to any surgical practice using holmium:YAG laser systems.

What Is a Mohs Lab? A Complete Guide

Microbiology lab tissue sample slide, histology, pathology, laboratory, cellular structure, scientific research, medical diagnostics, histopathology.

If you work in dermatology or have ever heard of Mohs micrographic surgery, you’ve probably come across the term Mohs lab. But what exactly is it? And why is it so central to modern skin cancer treatment?

This guide breaks down everything you need to know about Mohs labs: what they are, what happens inside them, why they exist, and the equipment they use every single day.


What Is a Mohs Lab?

A Mohs lab is a specialized laboratory attached to a dermatology practice that performs tissue processing and analysis during Mohs surgery — the gold-standard procedure for removing certain types of skin cancer.

Unlike traditional pathology labs, which may take days to process samples, a Mohs lab is designed for speed and precision. It prepares, freezes, sections, stains, and analyzes tissue samples while the patient is still in the office.

The goal: confirm whether cancer cells remain at the surgical margins and guide the surgeon in real time until all cancer is removed.


What Happens in a Mohs Lab?

The workflow inside a Mohs lab is tightly connected to the surgical procedure:

  1. Tissue Removal – The surgeon excises a thin layer of tissue from the patient.
  2. Mapping & Orientation – The specimen is carefully inked and mapped to match the surgical site, ensuring precise orientation.
  3. Embedding & Freezing – The specimen is embedded in OCT compound and frozen in the cryostat.
  4. Sectioning – The frozen tissue block is sliced into thin sections (5–10 microns) using the cryostat’s microtome.
  5. Slide Preparation – Tissue slices are mounted on slides.
  6. Staining – Slides are stained, often with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), so cells are visible under the microscope.
  7. Examination – The surgeon or a pathologist reviews the slides immediately. If cancer cells are present, another layer is removed, and the cycle repeats.

This process continues until all margins are cancer-free.


Why Do We Need Mohs Labs?

Mohs labs exist because time and accuracy matter in skin cancer surgery. Traditional pathology methods take much longer — tissue is fixed, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and processed over hours or days. For patients, that means waiting for results and sometimes needing multiple surgeries.

Mohs labs solve this by:

  • Providing same-day results – Patients know before they leave whether all the cancer has been removed.
  • Preserving healthy tissue – By only removing tissue with cancer at the margins, surgeons minimize scarring and disfigurement.
  • Delivering higher cure rates – Mohs surgery has cure rates of up to 99% for certain cancers, thanks to this precise lab work.

Equipment Found in a Mohs Lab

A Mohs lab is compact but packed with highly specialized equipment:

  • Cryostat – The centerpiece of any Mohs lab, used to freeze and section tissue.
  • Microscope – Allows the surgeon to examine stained tissue slides for cancer cells.
  • Embedding station – For orienting and embedding tissue in OCT compound before freezing.
  • Staining setup – Ranges from simple manual staining trays to automated stainers.
  • Freezers – Used for storing reagents and sometimes tissue.
  • Workstations – For tissue inking, mapping, and documentation.
  • Consumables & Accessories – OCT compound, slides, coverslips, staining reagents, scalpels, brushes, forceps, and PPE.

Some labs also include digital pathology equipment for imaging and documenting slides, although this is less common in smaller dermatology practices.


Who Works in a Mohs Lab?

Depending on the size of the practice, Mohs labs may be staffed by:

  • Surgeons – Often dermatologic surgeons perform the slide reading themselves.
  • Histotechnicians (Histotechs) – Specially trained lab staff who embed, cut, and stain tissue.
  • Lab Assistants – Supportive roles like slide labeling, reagent prep, or documentation.

Because speed is critical, Mohs labs often run like a well-oiled machine with clear roles for every team member.


The Importance of Workflow

A Mohs lab isn’t just about the equipment — it’s about the workflow. Every step, from inking tissue to mounting slides, must be done quickly, accurately, and with absolute attention to orientation.

If a specimen is mis-labeled, poorly oriented, or cut incorrectly, the entire surgical process can be compromised. That’s why training, standardized procedures, and preventive maintenance are so crucial in Mohs labs.


The Bigger Picture: Why Mohs Labs Matter

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, and Mohs surgery is the most precise way to treat it. The Mohs lab makes this procedure possible.

Without it, surgeons would be left waiting days for results — and patients would face longer recoveries, multiple surgeries, and higher recurrence rates.

By combining surgery and lab work into a single, same-day process, Mohs labs:

  • Reduce patient anxiety
  • Lower healthcare costs
  • Improve cosmetic outcomes
  • Deliver the highest possible cure rates

Final Thoughts

A Mohs lab is more than just a room with a cryostat — it’s the engine behind modern skin cancer surgery. From freezing and slicing tissue to staining and slide analysis, every step inside a Mohs lab is designed to support the surgeon in delivering fast, accurate, and effective care.

For dermatology practices, investing in a well-equipped, well-trained Mohs lab is an investment in patient trust, clinical outcomes, and long-term success.


Additional Resources


The Most Common Problems with Midmark Procedure Lights (And How to Fix Them)

Surgical light and medical equipment from Amtech Medical.

Midmark procedure lights are a staple in medical offices, dermatology practices, and surgical suites. They’re designed to provide bright, reliable illumination, whether mounted on rolling stands for portability or ceiling-mounted for fixed, overhead lighting.

Midmark’s lineup has evolved over time, with two main models commonly seen today:

  • Midmark 355 – the older, halogen-bulb style light.
  • Midmark 255 – the newer LED-based system.

Both are well-built and long-lasting, but like any piece of equipment, they have their quirks. Below are the most common problems technicians see with Midmark lights — and what you can do about them.


1. Midmark 355 – Light Won’t Turn On

The most common issue with the older Midmark 355 is simple: the light won’t come on.

What it looks like:

  • Power switch is on, but the bulb doesn’t light up.
  • Sometimes the bulb works for a while, then fails again within a short timeframe.

Why it happens:

  • Most often, the halogen bulb has burned out.
  • Repeatedly blowing bulbs may indicate the wrong bulb type was used or an issue with the transformer providing too much voltage.
  • In some cases, wiring can get pinched inside the mounting tube if the light wasn’t installed correctly.

Fix:

  • Replace the bulb. Always use gloves — oils from bare fingers can cause halogen bulbs to overheat and crack.
  • If bulbs are failing quickly, check transformer settings. Lowering the voltage slightly can extend bulb life.
  • If the light cuts out only in certain positions, the wiring may be pinched and will need to be re-routed by a technician.

2. Midmark 255 – LED Board Failure

The Midmark 255 uses an LED board instead of a halogen bulb. LEDs last much longer, which means fewer service calls — but when they fail, it’s usually the entire board.

What it looks like:

  • Light stops working entirely.
  • No response from the unit even though power is connected.

Why it happens:

  • The most common cause is a failed LED board.
  • Power surges or electrical fluctuations can shorten the lifespan of the board.

Fix:

  • Replacing the LED board is the standard solution.
  • Using surge protection can help reduce the risk of failure from sudden electrical spikes.

3. Overheating or Cracked Bulbs in the 355

Occasionally, users report that a bulb cracks almost immediately after installation.

Why it happens:

  • This usually occurs when the bulb was installed without gloves. Oils from skin transfer onto the glass, and once the bulb heats up, the spot overheats and causes the glass to crack.

Fix:

  • Always use gloves or a lint-free cloth when handling halogen bulbs.
  • Ensure the light is powered off during replacement — halogens heat up almost instantly and can cause burns.

4. Wiring Issues During Installation

While not as common, wiring problems can create intermittent power failures.

What it looks like:

  • Light works only in certain positions.
  • Power cuts off when the arm is moved.

Why it happens:

  • If the wiring inside the tubing wasn’t routed properly during installation, it can get pinched or strained. Over time, this leads to power interruptions.

Fix:

  • A technician will need to remove and re-feed the wiring correctly through the arm assembly. Once corrected, the problem typically does not return.

5. Lights That Sway or Won’t Hold Position

Another issue that occasionally shows up is the light swaying or drifting out of place when you try to position it. This is especially frustrating during a procedure, when steady illumination is critical.

What it looks like:

  • The light won’t stay in place after being positioned.
  • It drifts slowly, or feels “loose” at the pivot point.

Why it happens:

  • This usually means the counterweight system isn’t balanced correctly. Over time, or after adjustments, the counterweight can shift out of alignment, making it impossible for the light to hold its position.

Fix:

  • In some cases, you can re-level the light by adjusting the counterweight position.
  • If the counterweight itself is worn or damaged, it may need replacement to restore proper balance.

The Bigger Picture

Midmark procedure lights are generally very reliable. The 355 halogen model has the most common issues simply because bulbs wear out faster than LEDs. The 255 LED model requires far fewer service calls, though replacing the board is more involved than swapping a bulb.

Other occasional issues — from wiring to counterweights — typically stem from installation or long-term wear. The good news? All are repairable, and once fixed, Midmark lights continue to provide years of dependable service.


Preventive Tips for Midmark Lights

  • Use gloves when handling halogen bulbs to avoid cracking from skin oils.
  • Install surge protection to safeguard against power surges that can damage LEDs.
  • Have lights professionally installed to prevent pinched wiring.
  • Check counterweight balance if lights start swaying or drifting.
  • Keep spare bulbs on hand for the Midmark 355.
  • Schedule routine maintenance to check voltage settings, wiring, and light output.

Final Thoughts

Midmark procedure lights are simple, durable, and effective. For most users, problems are rare and easily solved — usually a bulb swap for the 355, an LED board replacement for the 255, or a quick adjustment to balance the counterweight.

By following basic preventive care and addressing issues early, you can maximize uptime and extend the life of your lights. And when the fix requires more than a bulb or board swap, Amtech Medical’s service team is here to help with expert troubleshooting, repairs, and replacement parts.

The Most Common Problems with the Candela Vbeam Perfecta (And How to Fix Them)

High-tech medical aesthetic device for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging treatments.

The Candela Vbeam Perfecta is one of the most trusted pulsed dye lasers in dermatology. Designed primarily for vascular treatments such as veins, rosacea, and scars, it also has off-label uses for warts and other skin conditions.

What makes the Vbeam unique is its 595 nm wavelength. Sitting in the yellow-orange range of visible light, this wavelength is absorbed especially well by blue vessels, making it highly effective for vascular work. Unlike solid-state lasers, the Vbeam is a dye-based laser — and that brings its own quirks, especially around routine maintenance and long-term reliability.

Here are the most common problems (and error codes) we see with the Vbeam Perfecta, what they mean in real-world use, and how to address them.


1. Fault 15 – Transmission Error

If you’ve ever seen your Vbeam throw a “Fault 15” message mid-calibration, you know how frustrating it is. Treatments grind to a halt, staff get flustered, and patients are left waiting.

What’s happening here is a loss of transmission between the laser head and the fiber. In plain terms, the light leaving the machine isn’t matching what’s reaching the handpiece. Once the system detects more than ~25–30% loss, it throws the error and shuts things down.

What it looks like in practice:

  • The unit won’t complete calibration.
  • Output feels weak or inconsistent.
  • Staff notice “dead spots” when firing at the skin.

Why it happens:
There are three main culprits:

  1. A damaged fiber line.
  2. Lenses in the handpiece slider that have worn down or gotten dirty.
  3. A debris shield that’s overdue for cleaning or replacement.

Fix and best practices:
Daily cleaning of the debris shield with alcohol is the easiest way to prevent this fault. If the error persists, try swapping sliders. For example, if you were using the 7 mm slider and Fault 15 appears, switch to the 5 mm or 10 mm slider. If the error clears, the issue is with the slider lens, which can be repaired or replaced. If it persists across sliders, the fiber itself may be compromised — that’s when you’ll need a technician.


2. Fault 6 – Calibration Fault

Calibration is one of the built-in safety nets of the Vbeam, and it’s where many problems get caught. Every time you adjust the energy, the unit runs a self-check to make sure it can deliver what you’re asking for. But if the system can’t hit those numbers, it throws a Fault 6 calibration error.

What users notice:

  • The error usually appears during calibration rather than mid-treatment.
  • The system fails to meet the requested output energy.
  • No amount of slider swapping or debris shield cleaning fixes it.

What’s going on inside:
Unlike Fault 15, which is usually a transmission issue, Fault 6 points to an internal generation problem. That means the laser head itself isn’t producing enough energy. It could be a dye cartridge nearing end-of-life, worn mirrors, or inefficiencies inside the optics and reflectors.

Solution:
This is not a user-fixable issue. If Fault 6 appears repeatedly, it’s time to call for service. A technician will need to evaluate whether it’s the dye, optics, or another component inside the head.


3. Fault 12 – Energy Out of Range / Energy Imbalance

If you’ve ever had the machine throw an “Energy Out of Range” or imbalance error, you were probably dealing with the early signs of dye depletion.

How it shows up in the clinic:

  • Energy output starts to feel inconsistent, even when settings haven’t changed.
  • Treatments may seem weaker than normal.
  • The machine eventually displays Fault 12 or a related imbalance warning.

Why it happens:
The Vbeam generates a series of sub-pulses that need to fire in sequence at balanced energy levels. If the dye is breaking down, those pulses lose their balance. The system recognizes this and flags the error before performance degrades further.

Fix:
This one almost always means it’s time for a dye kit replacement. It’s not something a user can handle on their own, but once the kit is replaced and the system recalibrated, output consistency returns.


The Bigger Picture

The Vbeam Perfecta is one of the most reliable and widely used dermatology lasers in the world, but it comes with one unavoidable fact: the dye has a limited lifespan.

On average, dye kits last around 40,000–50,000 pulses, with a guarantee of ~20,000 shots or one year (whichever comes first). A busy clinic can burn through a kit in months, while a slower-paced practice may find their kit expiring on the calendar rather than the shot count. Either way, replacement is a built-in cost of ownership.


Preventive Tips for Vbeam Users

  • Clean the debris shield daily to reduce the chance of transmission errors.
  • Replace debris shields proactively before they cause interruptions.
  • Rotate handpiece sliders if you suspect one lens is failing.
  • Track shot counts to anticipate dye replacement before performance drops.
  • Schedule annual preventive maintenance for calibration, optics, and dye checks.

Final Thoughts

The Candela Vbeam Perfecta has earned its place as one of the most versatile lasers in dermatology. Its unique 595 nm wavelength makes it unmatched for vascular treatments, and its proven results have kept it in high demand across the country.

Still, it’s important to recognize that this is a dye laser, and dye replacement is part of the ownership equation. Add in common error codes like Fault 6, 12, and 15, and you see why preventive care matters so much.

The takeaway: treat your Vbeam well, stay ahead of routine maintenance, and you’ll enjoy years of reliable performance. And when a problem goes beyond cleaning a shield or swapping a slider, that’s when Amtech Medical’s technicians step in to keep your laser running at its best.


Amtech Service

Do you need support with your equipment? Amtech Medical is here to help.

Contact page for service

The Most Common Problems with Silverfox Chairs (And How to Fix Them)

ADA recessed treatment table with advanced medical equipment for healthcare.

Silverfox chairs are a common sight in dermatology offices, medspas, and aesthetic clinics. They’re versatile, comfortable for patients, and priced well compared to other brands. But like any high-use equipment, they have weak spots that show up again and again in the field.

We sat down with our technician, Daniel Silva, to talk through the issues he sees most often. Below are the most common Silverfox chair problems, how to spot them, and what you can do about it.


1. Actuators That Stop Working

If you press the remote and nothing happens — no sound, no movement — chances are an actuator has failed.

What it looks like:

  • Backrest won’t recline or return upright
  • Footrest won’t move
  • Chair height doesn’t adjust

Daniel explained: “Most of the time, it’s the actuator itself, not the main board. You hit the button and nothing happens. No clicking, no grinding — just dead.”

👉 Fix: This is not user-serviceable. A technician will test whether the actuator or control board is at fault, but usually it’s the actuator that needs replacing.


2. Armrests That Break or Dangle

One of the weakest points on Silverfox chairs is the armrest connection. Patients often lean heavily on them when getting up, but they’re not designed to carry full body weight.

What it looks like:

  • Armrest suddenly feels loose or drops
  • Nut and bolt that act as a “stop” strip out
  • Armrest dangles and won’t stay in position

Daniel noted: “There’s a bolt that takes all the pressure. If someone pushes too hard, it strips, digs into the metal, and the armrest just hangs.”

👉 Fix: If the damage is light, a technician may be able to re-thread or replace the bolt. If badly stripped, the armrest assembly usually needs replacing.


3. Plastic Covers Coming Loose

Silverfox uses lightweight plastic panels around the base and under upholstery, held in place with push pins. Over time, these pins wear out.

What it looks like:

  • Plastic panel hanging down under the chair
  • Cosmetic gaps in the upholstery trim
  • Staff taping covers in place until service arrives

Daniel added: “It doesn’t stop the chair from working, but it looks unprofessional. Most offices just remove the panels until I can replace the pins.”

👉 Fix: If you have replacement push pins, you can reattach panels yourself. Otherwise, a technician can secure or replace the covers quickly.


4. Footrest Extension Sensor

Many Silverfox chairs have a footrest extension that slides out for taller patients. The problem? If it’s not fully pushed back in, the chair’s safety sensor disables footrest movement.

What it looks like:

  • Footrest doesn’t respond to remote
  • Other chair functions still work fine
  • Extender visibly sticking out

Daniel explained: “If the extender’s out, the sensor blocks the footrest. Push it all the way back in and it works again.”

👉 Fix: Always check the footrest extension before calling for service — this is an easy fix.


5. Worn-Out Upholstery

Over time, the upholstery on Silverfox chairs begins to show wear — especially in high-traffic practices where the same chair is used dozens of times a day.

What it looks like:

  • Cracking or peeling on the seat and backrest
  • Fading or discoloration on lighter colors
  • Small tears around high-stress seams, often near armrests or edges

In one dermatology office, patients started noticing small cracks in the seat cushion, which eventually split open. The chair still functioned fine mechanically, but cosmetically it gave the wrong impression.

👉 Fix: Upholstery wear is mostly cosmetic, but it affects the professional look of your practice. Silverfox chairs can often be reupholstered or fitted with replacement covers. If wear is extensive, some offices choose to replace the chair entirely.


The Bigger Picture

Silverfox chairs are affordable and practical, but their design does include some weak points:

  • Actuators fail without warning
  • Armrests strip easily under weight
  • Plastic panels come loose from worn pins
  • Footrest sensors lock out movement if extensions aren’t seated properly
  • Upholstery cracks and fades with heavy use

These issues don’t mean the chairs are bad — just that practices should be prepared for regular service and occasional part replacements.


Preventive Tips for Longer Chair Life

  • Remind patients not to push down heavily on the armrests.
  • Inspect gaskets, bolts, and armrests monthly for early signs of wear.
  • Keep replacement push pins on hand for loose covers.
  • Train staff to check the footrest extension sensor when functions stop working.
  • Clean and condition upholstery regularly to slow cracking and fading.
  • Schedule preventive maintenance to catch actuator wear before failure.

Final Thoughts

Silverfox chairs do their job well, but they’re not indestructible. By knowing the common issues — and spotting the symptoms early — you can minimize downtime and keep your practice running smoothly.

And when problems go beyond quick fixes, that’s when Amtech Medical’s service team is here to help with repairs, upholstery, parts replacement, and ongoing maintenance.


Amtech Service

Do you need help with your equipment? Amtech Medical is here to help.

Contact page for service

The Most Common Problems with Tabletop Autoclaves (And How to Fix Them)

Automatic medical sterilizer for hospital and clinical use.

TabTabletop autoclaves are the backbone of sterilization for small medical offices, dermatology practices, dental clinics, and medspas. Compact yet powerful, they ensure instruments are sterilized safely, protecting both patients and providers.

But like any equipment, these autoclaves develop recurring issues — usually from daily wear, skipped maintenance, or environmental factors like poor water quality. The good news is that many of these problems can be diagnosed quickly, and in some cases, fixed without waiting on a service call.

Below we’ll walk through the most common autoclave problems, what causes them, and what to do next. Along the way, we’ll include real-world scenarios to show how these issues play out in the field.


1. Autoclave Won’t Power On

Imagine this: a dermatology clinic is getting ready for back-to-back procedures, but the autoclave won’t even light up. The front desk is panicking, because without sterilized instruments, the day’s schedule is on the line.

Common Causes:

  • Loose power cable or faulty outlet
  • Tripped circuit breaker or blown fuse
  • Faulty door switch (some autoclaves won’t power unless the door is fully closed)

Fix:

  • Confirm the outlet works by testing another device.
  • Inspect the fuse or breaker and replace/reset as needed.
  • Check that the door is latched tightly — on many tabletop units, an incomplete latch interrupts the power circuit.
  • If it still won’t start, the control board or wiring likely needs professional repair.

2. Chamber Won’t Pressurize

One of the most common calls we get is: “The cycle runs, but the autoclave never builds pressure.” In one case, a medspa reported hearing faint hissing during every cycle — sure enough, the door gasket had cracked, and steam was escaping instead of building pressure.

Causes:

  • Worn or cracked door gasket
  • Loose or unevenly latched door
  • Scale buildup around valves from using tap water instead of distilled
  • Leaky fittings or solenoid valves

Fix:

  • Replace door gaskets annually, or sooner if cracks or flattening appear.
  • Confirm the door closes evenly — sometimes hinges loosen over time.
  • Clean valves and fittings.
  • Always use distilled water only to prevent scale buildup.

3. Sterilization Cycle Won’t Complete

A dental practice once reported their autoclave was aborting halfway through every cycle. After inspection, we found the drain filter was clogged with cotton fibers from gauze packs. Airflow was restricted, steam couldn’t circulate, and cycles failed.

Causes:

  • Overloaded chamber (steam can’t circulate)
  • Drain filter clogged
  • Faulty temperature or pressure sensors
  • Heating element wearing out

Fix:

  • Load instruments loosely, allowing space for steam.
  • Clean the drain filter weekly — it’s small but critical.
  • If problems persist, sensors or heaters may require replacement.

4. Wet Packs After a Cycle

Few things frustrate staff more than opening the door to find wet, dripping packs. Not only is it unsafe (moisture can harbor microbes), but it means re-running the cycle — doubling sterilization time.

Causes:

  • Chamber overloaded
  • Improper wrapping material
  • Drain line partially clogged
  • Door gasket leaking steam at the wrong time

Fix:

  • Reduce load size and leave room between packs.
  • Only use wraps designed for autoclaves.
  • Inspect drain lines and clean if blocked.
  • Replace or lubricate the door gasket if leaking.

5. Strange Noises or Leaks

Another medspa complained about “knocking” sounds during cycles. After inspection, we found scale buildup inside the steam lines — mineral deposits from using tap water. The fix was a thorough descaling and a reminder to always use distilled water.

Causes:

  • Solenoid valve beginning to fail
  • Loose or worn chamber gasket
  • Mineral buildup in chamber or tubing

Fix:

  • Replace worn seals and valves.
  • Perform regular descaling treatments (especially in hard-water areas).
  • Call for service if noises persist — they can indicate valve timing issues.

6. Error Codes or “Service Required”

Modern tabletop autoclaves have error codes for safety. These can be intimidating, but often they point directly to the issue.

For example, an error might indicate a temperature sensor failure — meaning the unit isn’t sure how hot it actually is. In one dermatology office, a persistent error code turned out to be nothing more than a faulty door switch, replaced in under 30 minutes.

Common Codes Indicate:

  • Sensor failure (temp/pressure)
  • Electrical heating fault
  • Board communication error
  • Door/lid not sealed properly

Fix:

  • Try a full power cycle.
  • Refer to the user manual for code meaning.
  • Some fixes are user-friendly (gaskets, switches), but persistent codes often need a technician.

Preventive Care to Avoid Most Problems

In almost every scenario above, the problem could have been prevented with basic care.

  • Use distilled water only — tap water = scale buildup.
  • Clean the drain filter weekly.
  • Check gaskets monthly and replace annually.
  • Avoid overloading to allow proper steam circulation.
  • Schedule yearly preventive maintenance to catch small issues before they shut you down.

Final Thoughts

Tabletop autoclaves are dependable workhorses, but they’re not invincible. From leaking gaskets to wet packs, most problems follow predictable patterns and can be solved with simple checks.

By knowing what to look for — and addressing issues early — you can keep your autoclave running smoothly, minimize downtime, and protect patient safety.

And when the fix goes beyond basic troubleshooting? That’s where professional technicians step in. Having a trusted service partner means peace of mind that your autoclave is always ready when you need it most.


Looking for a Replacement?

Sometimes, repairing an older tabletop autoclave just isn’t cost-effective. If the heating element, control board, or chamber itself is failing, the repair costs may approach the price of a new unit.

That’s where Amtech Medical’s refurbished autoclaves come in.

We stock a range of used, professionally reconditioned autoclaves that are:

  • Fully serviced and tested by our technicians
  • Backed by warranty for peace of mind
  • More affordable than new units — without sacrificing reliability
  • Available in multiple models and sizes to fit the needs of dermatology, dental, histology, and medspa practices

Choosing a refurbished autoclave from Amtech Medical gives you the confidence of a fully inspected and serviced machine at a fraction of the cost of new. It’s the perfect option for practices that need dependable sterilization without stretching their budget.

👉 Explore our current inventory of used autoclaves on our website or reach out to our team for availability.


Professional Autoclave Service & Support

While some issues with tabletop autoclaves can be fixed in-house, others require a trained technician. Electrical failures, sensor replacements, valve timing issues, and control board repairs should always be handled by professionals to avoid bigger (and more expensive) problems down the line.

At Amtech Medical, we provide:

  • Nationwide Service Coverage – Our technicians travel to support practices across the U.S.
  • Preventive Maintenance Programs – Keep your autoclave reliable with scheduled inspections and cleanings.
  • Emergency Repairs – Fast turnaround when your sterilizer goes down unexpectedly.
  • Multi-Device Support – We service autoclaves alongside your other dermatology, lab, and general medical equipment.

Our goal is simple: minimize downtime and keep your practice running smoothly. With decades of experience across autoclaves, lasers, and diagnostic equipment, our team has the expertise to troubleshoot quickly and get your sterilizer back in operation.

👉 Contact us today to schedule preventive maintenance or request an urgent repair.


Amtech Medical Now Offers the Full Silverfox Catalog

Medical examination room with advanced dental or medical chair and equipment for patient care, modern healthcare setting.

Amtech Medical is excited to announce that we now carry the entire Silverfox catalog of spa, aesthetic, and wellness equipment. Known worldwide for their stylish designs, reliable performance, and value-driven solutions, Silverfox has become a go-to brand for spas, dermatology clinics, estheticians, and wellness centers.

With this expansion, our customers now have access to a comprehensive range of spa furniture, treatment tables, and professional-grade equipment — all in one place.


About Silverfox

Silverfox specializes in spa and esthetician equipment, designed to balance form and function. Their products combine modern aesthetics, durable construction, and practical features that support both professionals and clients.

Trusted globally, Silverfox is recognized for:

  • Variety of Options: From compact, portable devices to full-featured treatment beds.
  • Sleek European-Inspired Design: Stylish yet functional, perfect for both luxury spas and medical aesthetics clinics.
  • Affordable Quality: Professional-grade equipment without the inflated costs of some competitors.
  • Reliability: Built for daily use in busy professional environments.

What’s in the Silverfox Catalog?

The Silverfox catalog covers nearly every category of spa and aesthetics equipment. Here’s a look at the highlights:

1. Spa & Treatment Furniture

  • Facial Beds & Treatment Tables: Adjustable beds with motorized or manual positioning, available in multiple colors (white, grey, black).
  • Multi-Function Treatment Chairs: Ideal for facials, massage, waxing, and body treatments.
  • Stools & Seating: Ergonomic stools for technicians and assistants, designed for long work sessions.
  • Spa Carts & Storage: Rolling trolleys with drawers, trays, and shelves to keep equipment organized.

2. Professional Spa Equipment

  • Facial Steamers: Essential for deep cleansing and hydration treatments, with models ranging from compact to deluxe.
  • High-Frequency Devices: Portable units used for acne treatments, circulation, and skin rejuvenation.
  • Rotary Brush Units: Popular for exfoliation and deep-cleaning facials.
  • Magnifying Lamps & Lamps with Steamers: Essential for detailed skin analysis and treatment accuracy.
  • Paraffin Warmers & Other Specialty Devices: Designed to enhance client experience and expand treatment menus.
  • Weight bases and replacement parts for steamers
  • Magnifying lamp stands and attachments
  • Heat therapy accessories for relaxation and recovery

Why Choose Silverfox?

Silverfox products are designed to meet the needs of both luxury spas and everyday treatment rooms. What sets them apart:

  • Flexibility: A wide range of products suitable for skincare professionals, medspas, massage therapists, and wellness centers.
  • Customization: Multiple color and material options to match your practice or spa design.
  • Durability for High-Use Environments: Whether it’s a spa chair, steamer, or stool, each product is engineered to withstand daily use.
  • Ease of Use: Many devices are compact, portable, and simple to operate, making them ideal for busy practitioners.

While the full catalog includes dozens of options, some products stand out as consistent favorites among professionals:


Final Thoughts

By adding the full Silverfox catalog to our offerings, Amtech Medical is expanding into the spa and aesthetics industry with a complete range of reliable, professional-grade equipment. Whether you’re setting up a brand-new spa or upgrading your current treatment room, Silverfox products deliver style, comfort, and durability at an accessible price point.

👉 Browse the Silverfox catalog today on our website, or contact our team for recommendations on outfitting your spa, wellness center, or aesthetic clinic.

The Complete Guide to CONMED (Buffalo Filter) Smoke Evacuators & Their Filters

Amtech medical disposable medical supplies and equipment for healthcare professionals.

Why smoke evacuation matters (in 30 seconds)

Surgical smoke contains ultra‑fine particles, VOCs and bio‑aerosols. CONMED’s Buffalo Filter line traps these hazards with multi‑stage filtration—ULPA media plus activated carbon—achieving 99.999% efficiency for 0.1–0.2 µm particles on legacy systems, and up to 99.9997% down to 0.01 µm on the newest platform. CONMED


Quick compatibility cheat‑sheet

* Filter life refers to active suction time and is often tracked on the device (VisiClear & ViroVac) to prevent overuse. CONMED+1


Meet the systems (and when to choose each)

PlumeSafe® X5™ — CONMED’s newest 5‑stage platform

If you want the most aggressive capture (including very fine particulates), X5 adds a 5‑stage filter rated 99.9997% down to 0.01 µm, dual 7/8″ ports (run two pencils at once), and a touch interface with three procedure modes. Order filters as PX5‑135‑22 (1/ea) or PX5‑1354‑22 (4/case). CONMED+1

Best for: modern ORs seeking top‑tier particulate and VOC reduction with streamlined workflow.


VisiClear® — quiet, programmable, and OR‑ready

Best for: acute‑care ORs that need quiet operation and flexible setups (including laparoscopy).


ViroVac® — compact value for clinics and ASCs

ViroVac is a smaller footprint unit with variable filter life (up to 35 hours) and a patented covered 3‑port filter design. Order filters as VS353 / VS35302 / VS35304. CONMED

Best for: physician offices and outpatient centers wanting tracked filter life without the bulk.


Legacy & specialty: PlumeSafe Turbo / Whisper / Auto‑Sense, and Porta PlumeSafe® 604

Many practices still run these reliable Buffalo Filter models. They typically pair with ViroSafe 6‑hour filters (VS0600x)—single 7/8″ port—for fast‑turnover procedures. For longer cases or lower staffing touchpoints on the Porta PlumeSafe 604, choose the ViroSafe XLL (dual 7/8″ & 1‑1/4″ ports) up to 18 hours. The 604 is positioned for veterinary and non‑acute environments where moderate flow is appropriate. CONMED


Filter families explained (what’s inside and why it matters)

  • ViroSafe® (VisiClear & ViroVac versions): Four‑stage cartridge (pre‑filter, activated carbon, ULPA, post‑filter). 99.999% efficiency for 0.1–0.2 µm; models differ by porting and rated life (6, 18, or up to 35 hours). CONMED
  • PX5 filter: Next‑gen 5‑stage design, 99.9997% down to 0.01 µm, with dual 7/8″ ports to power two smoke pencils simultaneously. CONMED

Port sizes & adapters at a glance

  • Single 7/8″ (ViroSafe 6‑hr) — simple pencil/tubing setups.
  • Dual 7/8″ & 1‑1/4″ (ViroSafe XLL) — flexibility for high‑flow or mixed accessories.
  • 1/4″, 3/8″, 7/8″ (VisiClear filter) — maximum compatibility on the acute‑care unit.

How to choose the right unit + filter (simple decision flow)

  1. Setting & case mix
  • Acute OR: Start with VisiClear (quiet + modes) or X5 (highest particulate/VOC capture). CONMED+1
  • Clinic/ASC: ViroVac balances cost and capability; small footprint. CONMED
  • Legacy/veterinary/non‑acute: Porta PlumeSafe 604 with XLL or 6‑hr filters. CONMED
  1. Procedure duration
  • Short, high‑turn cases → ViroSafe 6‑hr (VS0600x). McKesson Medical-Surgical
  • Mixed day / fewer change‑outs → ViroSafe XLL (up to 18 hrs). McKesson Medical-Surgical
  • All‑day rooms / tracked usage → VisiClear VS135 or ViroVac VS353 (up to 35 hrs).
  • Max capture spec / forward‑looking → PX5 filter. CONMED
  1. Noise & ergonomics
  • Sensitive rooms benefit from Whisper Technology on VisiClear. CONMED
  1. Automation
  • Add EZLink to auto‑activate suction with the energy device—extends filter life and reduces noise. Works across CONMED evacuators. CONMED

Model snapshots (spec highlights)

  • VisiClear (VC120/VC220): 30 cfm using 7/8″ tubing; <55 dBA at max; 7.1″ H × 13.9″ W × 16.1″ D; includes one filter when ordered as VC120/VC220. CONMED
  • ViroVac (VV120/VV220): compact shelf design; includes footswitch; variable life up to 35 hours; order VS353 filters. CONMED
  • PlumeSafe X5 (PX5‑120 / PX5‑220): dual 7/8″ ports; touch‑sensitive display; 5‑stage filter (PX5‑135‑22 / PX5‑1354‑22). CONMED
  • Porta PlumeSafe 604: portable, moderate‑flow; commonly used in veterinary & non‑acute settings. CONMED

FAQs

What’s the difference between ViroSafe 6, XLL, VS135, and VS353?
They’re all four‑stage ULPA/carbon cartridges, but they’re sized/ported and validated for different units and life ratings: 6‑hour single‑port (legacy Turbo/Whisper/604), XLL up to 18 hours (Turbo/604), VS135 up to 35 hours (VisiClear 3‑port), VS353 up to 35 hours (ViroVac 3‑port with covered ports). McKesson Medical-Surgical+1MFI MedicalCONMED

Do newer systems really capture more than older ones?
Yes. Legacy CONMED/Buffalo cartridges are 99.999% @ 0.1–0.2 µm, while PlumeSafe X5 is rated 99.9997% @ 0.01–0.2 µm thanks to its 5‑stage design. CONMED+1

Will the filters fit across different brands?
CONMED sells some competitive‑replacement filters, but always match your exact evacuator model to its specified filter part numbers to maintain performance specs. Start with the tables above or your device’s brochure/IFU. CONMED